Therapeutic advances in cancer therapy have led to an increase in the number of patients undergoing surgery as part of their cancer treatment. These patients present several unique challenges, including weighing risks against adverse effects of delaying time-sensitive treatment and taking the patient’s cancer and its treatment into account when determining postoperative management. The following module discusses these topics, with an emphasis on cardiovascular and pulmonary toxicities of radiation and chemotherapeutic agents as well as common hematologic problems encountered in patients with cancer.